Update on Brexit and European Aviation Operations for US Registered Aircraft

Last year, we discussed How Brexit Could Affect European Aviation Operations for US Registered Aircraft. Brexit was a considerable topic with worldwide implications – people from all corners had been surmising at length what would take place and when. Negotiations went on at length, and with multiple extensions to the United Kingdom’s actual exit from the European Union, there was no clear end in sight.

While the UK has now officially left the EU (as of January 31, 2020), not much has changed, or will until at least the end of the year. During this “transition period” for the UK, it will be “business as usual for citizens, consumers, businesses, investors, students and researchers in both the EU and the United Kingdom”, according to the EU Aviation Safety Association (EASA). “The United Kingdom will no longer be represented in the EU institutions, agencies, bodies and offices but EU law will still apply in the United Kingdom”. 

This transition period is meant to give the UK time to negotiate a new and equitable partnership with the EU. It is scheduled to end on December 31, 2020 but can be extended once for up to two years if there is joint agreement before July 1, 2020. These continued negotiations only involve the UK and EU. 

So while it seems there will be a year of normalcy between the UK and EU, we still can’t say exactly what will happen. However, as seen in our previous Brexit blog, we have a pretty good idea of what the new UK regulations will look like when the transition period is over. The general information outlined here will likely survive whatever agreements the UK makes with the EU.

As stated before by Howard Dyer, Director and Lead Consultant at Howard G Dyer Ltd, and co-contributor to these articles: “Brexit before breakfast is bound to cause heartburn throughout the rest of the day.” While attention and coverage of the topic has waned some, this sentiment still holds true.  

The following information was covered previously in How Brexit Could Affect European Aviation Operations for US Registered Aircraft, and we maintain it is the most likely result of negotiations:

The UK within EU Regulations

Since 2008 and the establishment of EASA, the EU has been moving toward an aviation safety regime based upon the United States’ model, with EASA following many of the principles of the FAA. This includes universal recognition of certificates issued by EASA and the freedom to fly between States. 

Some of these freedoms extend to associated States like Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and some of the new Balkan countries. This establishes a virtual aviation neighborhood over most of the landmass of Europe, known as the European Common Aviation Area (ECAA). Britain has been a key and influential mover in all this but is now aiming to leave.

Currently, aircraft registered in the UK intending charter flight operations to, from, within or via this “European Aviation Neighborhood” need no special permits to operate to and from the UK and the rest of Europe, or within the UK proper. After the transition period, UK-registered air carriers will no longer be considered a part of the neighborhood. 

One look at the map and a glance at the economic figures for European aviation, and it is clear that the UK is a still a major piece of real estate. Nevertheless, UK air carriers will have to be considered Third Country Operators (TCOs) and will need to hold an EASA-issued Foreign Carrier Permit (FCP) and a Part-TCO Certificate prior to undertaking any commercial flight from the UK to anywhere in the European Aviation Neighborhood (just as the FAA requires to certify foreign carriers in the US).

Currently, N-registered aircraft intending flight operations to, from, within or via the UK are already considered TCOs and must hold the EASA-issued FCP and the Part-TCO prior to any commercial flight being taken. This includes charter operations. This will not change, and if an owner/operator has these permits now, they will still be valid after the transition period and will not need to be updated.

Post-Brexit, aircraft registered elsewhere in the European Aviation Neighborhood and operating to, from, or within the UK, will now be considered foreign operators for the UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). This also applies to N-registered aircraft. The CAA will, therefore, begin issuing their own TCO certificates called a UK Part-TCO.  

The UK Part-TCO is expected to cost £78. The good news is that neither the UK nor EASA want to make things difficult for anyone.

The UK Aviation Regulations and the Block Permit

After the transition period, the UK will implement new aviation regulations largely mirroring the EU laws – essentially allowing aviation to continue as it did before. The procedures are in place, with few changes, to maintain free passage between States of Europe and the United Kingdom.  

These new UK laws are comparable to FAA Part 129, which “prescribes rules governing the operation within the United States of foreign air carriers appropriately authorized by the Civil Aeronautics Board or the Department of Transportation (DOT)”. 

The new rules include the UK Part-TCO mentioned above, but once purchased, operators will then be able to further obtain one of two permits which pertain to where they can operate and how often:

1. Foreign Carrier Permit – Operators will still have the option to obtain a Foreign Carrier Permit for either scheduled or unscheduled commercial operations, which will specify where they can go and how often.

2. Alternatively, Operators can obtain a Block Permit – which will be a new product offered by the UK. The block permit will not be flight specific and can allow TCO aircraft to go between the UK and European Aviation Neighborhood for an initial period of 3 months, with a potential extension of up to 9 months. The extension will depend largely on the reciprocal traffic rights granted by the other parties to the agreement.  

Furthermore, the CAA currently issues ad-hoc charter permits to EU carriers covering either one or a short series of flights on a route-by-route basis for services between the UK and countries outside the European Aviation Neighborhood. This process will remain unchanged and can apply to aircraft registered in the United States.  

The CAA will have the responsibility to not only issue all TCOs for commercial services, but accordingly, monitor travel rights to and from countries in the European Aviation Neighborhood. The CAA wishes to ensure a minimum regulatory burden is placed on air carriers and is therefore developing a streamlined process for EU carriers. 

Most commentators recognize all this as a gesture to meet minimum requirements, but with the option to go hard on neighbors who don’t throw soft balls back over the fence.

Exceptions to the Block Permit 

This permit does not apply to aircraft operating purely private flights, meaning zero payment for services (even gas for the flight), to, from, or within the UK – all of which will not need a Block Permit. 

The requirement also makes exception for: “overflights; state flights from a foreign government or military-registered aircraft; positioning flights, ferry flights or delivery flights; flights for the purpose of undertaking repairs, alterations, maintenance, or salvage; and test flights”. For instance, a carrier flying from Spain to Ireland, crossing over England, wouldn’t need a Block Permit.

During the transition period, EU law will still be applicable to the UK, and the UK will still be subject to EU-negotiated Air Transport Agreements. In this instance, UK or European Aviation Neighborhood members will not need a Permit or any TCOs for operations to, from, or within the UK.  

What it Means for US Aircraft Owner Trustors

These changes mostly apply to charters operators of aircraft of less than 19 seats – most private flights are exempt from the rules outlined above. The bottom line is that post-transition period, members of the European Aviation Neighborhood will be considered “foreigners” to the UK, and vice versa. 

Likewise, US registered aircraft will be foreigner to both, which will mean that N-registered aircraft operating in both Europe and the UK will need all permits – the EASA-issued Foreign Carrier Permit, the EASA-issued Part-TCO and the CAA-issued UK Part-TCO. Again, if you already have the EASA-issued permits, new ones will not be necessary, but the additional UK permit will be mandatory to operate in the UK.

It’s important to know the exact requirements during this transition. Without the right documents in place, certain US-registered aircraft operating in the UK could have permits removed, fines invoked, or potentially even be grounded. In the end, if you’ve made it this far reading, you likely have the “Brexit before breakfast heartburn” – it’s as complex as promised – but we’re here to figure it out for you. 

Many thanks again to Howard Dyer, who helped unravel the “Euro-speak” used to explain this new process to the EBAA earlier this year.

Howard is an English safety consultant who worked for many years in the UK CAA and was responsible for getting all UK aircraft compliant with the new EASA regulations when they came into force in September 2008. 

He tells us that it took him years to understand EASA rules written in Euro English. He now tells us that the CAA’s own rules for coming out of the EASA are even harder to untangle.